120 homicidios en el año
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La otra epidemia que atraviesa Tucumán
Luego de otro fin de semana caracterizado por crímenes violentos en diferentes sectores de la capital provincial, podemos reafirmar que San Miguel de Tucumán se convirtió en estos últimos años en una de las ciudades más violentas de Argentina, con una tendencia creciente año tras año.
Incluso se la puede considerar en situación epidémica en este sentido, debido a que el índice de homicidios, concentrado fuertemente en determinados barrios de la ciudad, escala a 11 por cada 100.000 habitantes.
Recordemos, en este punto, que la Organización Mundial de la Salud considera niveles “epidémicos” a aquellos superiores a 10 homicidios dolosos por cada 100.000 habitantes.
Del total de los asesinatos en la provincia, más del 70% se cometen en estas zonas altamente conflictivas y violentas. Los casos de Ana Domine o Porcel por mencionar algunos, ya parecen quedar superados por los recientes, mientras que Tucumán se dirige nuevamente a superar la cifra histórica de homicidios, que tenía su record en 2019 con 140 asesinatos.
Lógicamente de los 3 ocurridos este fin de semana, todos aberrantes, el de Rocío Abigail Riquel, deja en evidencia nuevamente las severas carencias del sistema policial/judicial y por supuesto político, para afrontar una Emergencia en seguridad que ya lleva más de 4 años. Sin dudas un gran título con nulo impacto en la realidad.
Un caso que seguramente tendrá resultados en estos días por la exposición mediática que logró, pero una política de seguridad sólida no puede tener reacciones solo ante situaciones de conmoción social.
Este crimen debería servir para dejar de diferenciar en las estadísticas de homicidios, las “muertes de la inseguridad” de las que no se consideran así, criterio que en numerosas ocasiones sirve de pretexto a algunas autoridades para minimizar la gravedad de la situación. Internacionalmente esta diferenciación no se hace en ningún país del mundo.
Por ejemplo este caso, usando estos parámetros no debería ser calificado como de inseguridad (al no haberse generado producto de un intento de robo), sin embargo claro que lo es, debido a que en estos casos lo que falla claramente es el accionar del Estado en su conjunto, operativamente hablando la policía y la Justicia, pero también el sistema en general. La prevención falla al estar ausente en esos territorios a pesar de ser altamente violentos en todo tipo de delitos.
Un servicio de policía incapaz, no solo de proteger sino de tomar una denuncia (entre otras causas eso explica que Tucumán posea la mayor cifra negra de no denuncia a nivel nacional). Un sistema de justicia que sigue sin poder actuar a la altura, liberando a un delincuente detenido recientemente por robo agravado.
El programa de proximidad a la comunidad implementado recientemente, y que a esta altura ya es un fracaso, a pesar de ello no modifica la estrategia, debido a que la respuesta ante estos casos es “el Estado no puede poner un policía en cada casa”. En este caso el Estado no pudo ni siquiera tomar una denuncia.
Los homicidios intervecinales se pueden prevenir, lógicamente, intentando políticas diferentes. Caso de ésto fue el programa Barrios Seguros implementados en Ciudad de Buenos Aires en zonas que concentraban desproporcionalmente delitos, como puede ser el caso de numerosos barrios de nuestra provincia. El programa incluye varias etapas. En primer lugar, un relevamiento preliminar para determinar las prioridades de intervención en cada barrio. En segundo lugar, a través de la intervención de las fuerzas de seguridad en puntos específicos de dichos barrios para erradicar el narcomenudeo y poner en práctica políticas de contención y asistencia social.
En tercer lugar, se instalan Unidades de Prevención Barrial (UPB) integradas por Gendarmería, Policía Federal y Prefectura, para consolidar la presencia activa y permanente del Estado. Y, por último, la conversión de esos espacios donde antes reinaba la violencia, el delito y el narcotráfico en espacios de servicio para los vecinos del barrio. Se pueden combatir los homicidios tanto en robos como los que son fruto de otros tipos de violencias.
Otro eje más de análisis es cómo la comisaría 12 sigue presentando novedades de forma reiterada y no se logra generar cambios positivos a pesar de esto. Es la misma que hace menos de un año tuvo un jefe policial detenido por integrar una banda dedicada a robos y comercialización de drogas.
La misma que tiene números alarmantes de concentración de delitos y homicidios en su jurisdicción. No existe un control, supervisación o políticas de medición de desempeño que permitan corregir desviaciones.
Fallas estructurales que no se solucionan con la “bala de plata” de siempre de incorporar más material, o más policías. Se cambia mediante reformas de fondo que hoy no están en agenda de la dirigencia política, y sin dudas con un profundo replanteo y cambio del actual modelo policial.
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