Cierra la mina Bajo de la Alumbrera
Cómo es el plan de remediación ambiental y para qué se usará.
Luego de 21 años de operaciones la mina de cobre y oro a cielo abierto más grande de Argentina deja de producir. Seguridad ambiental y un futuro prometedor.
Mientras la mina estuvo activa empleó a 1.953 trabajadores y llegó a procesar unas 120.000 toneladas de piedra por día. Bajo de la Alumbrera produjo un promedio anual de 321.000 toneladas de concentrado, que contienen unas 100.000 toneladas de cobre y 300.000 onzas troy de oro. También produjo 0,8 toneladas de oro doré y 957 toneladas de concentrado de molibdeno.
Desde 2018 la vida en la mina se fue apagando lentamente. Pero no es el final. Actualmente se encuentra en un proceso de cierre de botaderos, que implica la cobertura y revegetación de escombreras de material estéril. Además, se trabaja en una etapa de cuidado y mantenimiento de la infraestructura para ser utilizada en el novedoso proyecto MARA, la apuesta a futuro de Yamana con el yacimiento cercano Agua Rica, que volverá a dar vida a las instalaciones.
MARA es un ambicioso proyecto a cielo abierto encabezada por Yamana (56,25%), a la que se sumaron Glencore (25%) y Newmont (18,75%). Está ubicado a 35 kilómetros de Alumbrera y tendrá 27 años de producción. MARA utilizará el campamento, suministro eléctrico y de agua, la tubería de transporte de concentrado, la planta de filtrado, los trenes y el mismo puerto para exportar que Alumbrera, lo que disminuye significativamente la huella ambiental. La mayor parte de la inversión irá al destape de mina, la construcción de una trituradora y una extensa cinta transportadora de 35 kilómetros hasta Agua Rica, de los cuales unos 5 quedarán encauzados bajo la montaña.
Cuando MARA entre en producción pasará a integrar el Top 25 de los productores de cobre a nivel mundial. La inversión inicial será de u$s2.700 millones, con un capital de sostenimiento durante la vida del proyecto de u$s1.500 millones anuales. Empleará a 2.750 personas durante la construcción y a unas 1.000 en operaciones. El 12% del personal serán mujeres, ya sea de MARA o contratistas. Pero para iniciar los trabajos en Agua Rica es necesario cerrar Alumbrera.
“En minería hay un concepto muy claro que dice que el cierre de mina se ejecuta desde el inicio del proyecto, y no al final. En una operación minera siempre que haya oportunidad de ir remediando y rehabilitando, se lo hace, porque es un costo que venimos adelantando para anticiparse a un costo futuro”, definió el superintendente senior de mina Daniel Moreno, durante una reciente visita de Ámbito al yacimiento de Catamarca.
En la recorrida este cronista visitó la planta concentradora donde se procesan los minerales, hoy en desuso, cuidado y mantenimiento; los viveros de producción de plantines para reforestar la zona; los botaderos donde se acumuló el material no vendible de la mina; el dique de colas, donde se almacena el agua; y el campamento minero de montaña, donde vivieron más de 2.000 personas durante casi dos décadas.
La experiencia permite echar luces sobre una actividad denostada, pero indispensable para la vida humana, la producción de todo tipo de productos y el crecimiento económico del país. Sin ir más lejos, el Gobierno nacional estimó que en los próximos años llegarán inversiones mineras por un total de u$s25.000 millones, una cifra sólo comparable con la productividad del campo y los hidrocarburos.
¿Qué sale de la mina?
De una mina salen dos tipos principales de materiales: el mineral de interés, que es económicamente rentable, que se extrae, se procesa en una planta y se vende; y el estéril, que contiene minerales, en el caso de Alumbrera principalmente cobre y oro, pero no cantidades suficientes como para que se pague por su procesamiento, aunque eso puede variar durante los años. Durante la época de exploración, en la década de los noventa, se hizo un modelo de explotación donde se establecieron los tipos de minerales para extraer en el momento y a futuro. La llamada “ley de corte”, que define lo que es un mineral de una piedra sin valor, es la clave para definir qué cantidades de mineral se toleran en la roca.
Dentro del material estéril hay dos subproductos: uno que contiene mucha pirita, que es lo que produce un ácido contaminante si entra en contacto con oxígeno y agua, y el benigno, con capacidad de neutralización ácida. Todos vienen del mismo lugar, pero son tipos de rocas diferentes. En Alumbrera, al inicio de las operaciones, miles de toneladas de material benigno fueron separados y acumulados en un lugar específico para que 20 años después, en el proceso de cierre de mina, se lo utilice para recubrir los botaderos, ya que son las primeras capas de la montaña. Ese material tiene un costo muy alto y dentro de la ecuación general del plan de viabilidad de la mina es el que define si un proyecto es económicamente rentable o no.
Por ley, cuando se diseña un botadero hay límites geométricos que cumplir, ya sea por capacidad, altura o tonelaje. A lo largo de los años, cuando los botaderos se acercaban a los máximos y su configuración final, el material benigno de la mina en lugar de ir al stock, lo enviaron directamente a cubrir a botaderos de estéril, proceso denominado “rehabilitación progresiva”.
Cómo es el proceso de revegetación
El proyecto de generación de plantines para el proceso de revegetación forma parte del plan de cierre de mina. Según detalló Daniel Moreno, la cobertura de la escombrera o botaderos busca que tomen la configuración más parecida, la más original, a las que tenía la zona antes de la intervención del proyecto. Las zonas y cerros cercanos tienen una cobertura vegetal raleada, estrecha, de plantas pequeñas, arbustos, y esa es la fisonomía que se proponen dejar.
Ezequiel Ríos es un joven ingeniero agrónomo nacido en Belén y está a cargo del proyecto de los plantines para la empresa Yokavil, de la localidad cercana de Santa María. Yokavil está integrada por personal de los pueblos originarios Quilmes y Fuerte Quemado. El 80% del personal es catamarqueño. El trabajo de agrónomos, viveristas, paisajistas y biólogos comenzó en 2003, para definir cuáles eran las especies que mejor se reproducían a través de semillas o esquejes. Según comentó Ríos, las especies nativas que mejor se adaptaron son la retama, el cachiyuyo, la jarilla, el romerillo y el suncho, entre otras.
“Se hizo un estudio de toda la flora cercana, se experimentó en germinación, y se definieron las especies. Ahí, se armó un banco de germoplasma para tener semillas guardadas en frío y que conserven su capacidad de germinación en determinado período de tiempo. Luego los plantines germinan en invernaderos y cuando toman determinada altura van a la intemperie (periodo de rusificación), para que aprendan a sobrevivir a este clima, que es donde se van a desarrollar. Como son plantas nativas, les cuesta menos”, explicó.
Los primeros plantines se plantaron en 2013 y esas zonas ya recuperaron su fisonomía. Hoy tienen un marco original, con revegetación natural producto de los efectos del viento y los pájaros, que comen las semillas y las llevan con sus desechos a otras zonas alejadas, lo que contribuye a la revegetación. Como fertilizante se utiliza guano de animales que se compra a pobladoras locales. En los invernaderos se cultivan y cuidan las especies para luego plantar una por una, a mano.
Las plantas se colocan sobre la parte horizontal de los botaderos, con una densidad de 2.500 plantas por hectárea. El objetivo es cubrir unas 270 hectáreas en total. Ya se plantaron 13.700 y para 2026 serán más de 700.000.
¿Cómo se elimina la pirita del agua?
En los botaderos la pirita se puede combinar con el agua y el oxígeno y eso genera acidificación, contaminación. Para evitarla hay que eliminar uno de los tres componentes: el oxígeno y la pirita son imposibles, están siempre presentes, pero el agua, no. “Podemos evitar que el agua de lluvia esté en contacto con la pirita, aunque al año aquí caen apenas 260 milímetros, y tenemos una evapotranspiración de 1.400 milímetros. Ese desbalance nos juega a favor”, comentó el superintendente de mina.
Bajo la Alumbrera posee tres estaciones meteorológicas propias: una en la mina, otra en el pit y otra en el propio aeropuerto. Todas estarán a disponibilidad MARA. Aunque en Catamarca llueve dos o tres veces al año, es fundamental recolectar los datos de temperatura, presión, viento y humedad para estudiar los comportamientos climáticos. Llevan 20 años de recolección y seguirán por 27 más.
A los botaderos con material estéril se los cubre con material benigno, que no tiene pirita y no puede generar ácido. Para que el agua de lluvia no se escurra entre las dos capas se analizaron 18 modelos matemáticos para saber de cuánto debería ser el espesor de las capas, con sensores a distintas profundidades que miden por hora temperatura, humedad y succión, que define la velocidad en que la humedad es expedida al exterior. “Empezamos en el 2013 y recién el número 19 nos reveló que el espesor en talud y horizontal, con el peor escenario de lluvias, determinada velocidad de viento, inclinación y granulometría, el agua no iba a incidir más allá de los 70 centímetros, pero nosotros le dimos 2 metros más por seguridad. A esos casi 3 metros se aplica un factor de seguridad extra por ingeniería, que totaliza un espesor de cobertura para los botaderos de 6 metros sobre la perpendicular y 10 metros sobre la horizontal”, indicó el especialista Daniel Moreno.
Los mineros celebran que los botaderos se taparon con material tres veces más que lo exigido, pero ¿cómo se controla? Con drones que informan la silueta del botadero, lo que permite conocer su tamaño y definir dónde los enormes camiones amarrillos deben dejar los depósitos.
¿Qué hacen con las gigantescas ruedas en desuso?
En los 20 años de vida de la mina llegaron a circular al mismo tiempo unos 40 camiones Caterpillar de gran porte, cada uno con capacidad para cargar 220 toneladas. Cargados miden más de 8 metros de alto y unos 13 de largo. Esas máquinas tienen una vida útil de más de 100.000 horas, pero sus seis ruedas deben cambiarse cada 1.800 horas. Cada una puede costar hasta u$s20.000. Durante la recorrida por Alumbrera se ven decenas de neumáticos viejos que sirven para guiar o delimitar caminos, pero con el plan de cierre de minas se les buscó otra utilidad: se las envía a una planta catamarqueña trituradora para destrozar el caucho y reutilizarlo en pavimentos de las calles de las ciudades cercanas.
Cómo se tratan los residuos que se generan a 2.000 metros de altura
Nicanor Elizondo lleva años de trabajo en Alumbrera y ahora sigue con MARA. Es superintendente senior de Medio Ambiente y se ocupa del tratamiento de residuos. Según explicó ante Ámbito, una empresa contratista de Andalgalá recoge los residuos peligrosos con un vehículo autorizado por el gobierno y lo lleva a disposición final, en el departamento de La Paz, que se dedica a la fabricación de baterías. Allí, poseen un horno donde procesan el residuo y emite un certificado para la mina, que luego se presenta como indica la ley ante la autoridad de aplicación.
En caso de que haya un derrame de combustibles, aceites o líquidos derivados de hidrocarburos en cualquier parte del territorio de Alumbrera, ya sea en un camino o pozo de perforación, se activa un sistema de contención, se agrega arcillas absorbentes a la parte derramada y se carga en bolsas especiales a la misma planta de tratamiento de residuos peligrosos.
En pandemia se generaron grandes volúmenes de residuos patológicos, como los barbijos, que también se envían a una empresa de disposición final en la ciudad capital. Una parte de los residuos orgánicos van al depósito municipal y los que se desecha de los comedor de los 2.000 mineros se separa y va a parar a otra empresa de Andalgalá que tiene un lombricario y para fabrica compost de lombriz. Cuando está terminado, ese nutriente se dona a instituciones locales para la actividad agrícola, clave para la producción del exquisito membrillo provincial.
¿Qué pasa con los megapozos a cielo abierto?
Por definición, el pit -pozo en inglés- es una excavación de la superficie de la corteza terrestre. Un cálculo entre la cantidad de minerales, el material estéril y los costos determinan su vida útil. En Alumbrera se hicieron dos pit: el principal, Farallón Negro que de norte a sur mide 2 kilómetros y de este o este 1,7 km, con 850 metros de profundidad, y el pit Bajo el Durazno, donde ahora se hace un proceso de cobertura y luego un cierre perimetral físico para que no accedan personas, animales ni vehículos.
Con el nuevo proyecto Agua Rica en marcha el pit Durazno, de 850 metros de diámetro y 500 de profundidad, se va a utilizar como reservorio de agua para usar en la planta. No es agua fresca porque ya que estuvo en contacto con minerales, y es ideal para el proceso de flotación. La fresca se utiliza para los equipos, que no genera incrustaciones.
Para obtener cobre se aplica un proceso de flotación en la planta. Como esa agua ya tiene metales disueltos, ayuda a que los colectores y espumantes desprendan el mineral de la piedra. Funcionan como un jabón en polvo en un lavado de ropa: se pegan a la suciedad y forman una burbuja, que en superficie tiene mayor densidad que una burbuja de aire, flota y se va con el agua. Los colectores hacen hidrofóbica a las partículas de cobre y oro y los espumantes, al bombeo de aire, le dan la tensión superficial para que las partículas se peguen a la burbuja por polaridad, y con el aire, rebalsan. La burbuja se rompe y cae como un barro, que se llama concentrado. Ese es el material que contiene oro, cobre e impurezas.
Cómo se hicieron las voladuras
Las voladuras son controladas y los decibeles son bastante bajos, no se expande el ruido a la distancia. En Bajo de la Alumbrera se utilizó un explosivo llamado ANFO, que es una mezcla de nitrato de amonio y gasoil. Según afirmaron los expertos, es imposible que por una explosión las rocas salgan volando. Nunca se registraron expulsiones violentas que afectaron a equipos o personas. El ANFO produce un “esponjamiento” del material que se vuela: al producirse la ignición, se generan muchos gases que se expanden y fracturan la roca. El esponjamiento es el cambio de volumen por perforación. Lo que queda es el material en una montaña de escombros, como si un camión lo hubiese descargado.
Las voladuras son controladas porque siempre lo que se obtiene es material “vendible”, por lo que no tiene lógica realizar un explosión que deje restos por todos lados. Se busca que el mineral salga de la mejor forma para que pueda ser procesado en la planta. Cuando se vuela en zonas de mineral se hace una malla de voladura para saber qué fracturación se obtendrá y tamaño de roca. La cuadrícula la marcan los ingenieros de mina, luego se perfora y se coloca el ANFO a profundidad. En las perforaciones se introduce el explosivo, el detonante y se lo sella con un taco de concreto.
Según el experto en medio ambiente Nicanor Elizondo, las voladuras tampoco generan demasiado polvo. Cuando se diseña la malla de voladura se fracciona el área y se calcula el factor de carga, que busca no afectar al material volado ni a las zonas aledañas que no se desean fracturar. Una vez realizada la voladura, todo se carga en los camiones CAT y se traslada para su procesamiento para obtener material fino exportable.
“La planta de proceso está en cuidado y mantenimiento. Por acá entra la roca molida y mediante procesos físicos y químicos se obtiene concentrado de cobre. Al desarrollar el proyecto MARA se va a utilizar la misma infraestructura sin uso de Alumbrera. No hace falta desarrollar nada nuevo, es una sinergia cuasiperfecta porque se disminuye la huella ambiental y se resucita un complejo industrial en una zona económicamente deprimida, que va a generar muchísimas oportunidades para toda la región”, remarcó Santiago Gómez Bello, gerente de Comunicaciones del Proyecto Integrado MARA.
Un inmenso espejo de agua
A 200 metros de la planta de tratamiento hay un inmenso espejo de agua, en proceso de secado, contenido por un enorme dique de 140 metros de cota construido progresivamente desde el inicio de las operaciones. Es una esponja gigante. Allí, se depositó durante años el agua residual, con minerales, utilizada en la flotación, que luego es filtrada y reutilizada nuevamente. También sirve para riego. Esa agua nunca se vertió con productos químicos contaminantes por una simple razón: para extraer cobre y oro se utiliza un equivalente a detergente concentrado, que al llegar al espejo se evapora por las altas temperaturas del día.
El Dique de Colas de Alumbrera posee un sistema de filtración por donde pasa el agua turbia -con pirita y materiales pesados-, y luego es retrobombeada a través de 20 pozos a la planta. Con este sistema de recirculación se evita malgastar el agua fresca, de vertientes naturales, acuíferos, ríos y arroyos cercanos. Al igual que el agua acumulada en el pit Durazno, el agua del inmenso espejo del dique es recurso escaso refiltrado y se va a aprovechar con la explotación de Agua Rica.
De los molinos de bolas al concentrado de cobre
La molienda de la roca se realiza en seis mega trituradores alemanes (chancadores) marca Siemens. Dos de ellos son dos molinos de bolas de seis pulgadas de diámetro, por donde ingresan miles de toneladas de roca que vienen de las pilas del acopio por cintas, se les agrega agua y mediante movimientos vibratorios se van pulverizando. Quedan partículas. En Alumbrera se procesaron hasta 120.000 toneladas de piedra por día, equivalente a 66.000 autos medianos diarios. En la parte trasera de la planta, donde está la pila, se llegó a almacenar más de 1 millón de toneladas de roca listas para procesar.
Una vez que pasan los molinos se depositan en unas cubas y posteriormente son bombeadas a las baterías de hidrociclones, donde se hace una clasificación gravitacional del molido. Todo lo que cumpla con el tamaño de partícula deseado pasa al proceso de flotación, y lo que no, vuelve a los molinos para seguir rebotando de lado a lado, pero con las bolas más chicas, de 3 pulgadas. Una vez que finalmente cumple el tamaño, va al proceso de flotación, donde se genera el concentrado de cobre.
La primera flotación se llama rafer y es una flotación gruesa de todos los sulfuros. De ahí salen los primeros concentrados, que van a la remolienda y otras líneas de limpieza para aumentar la cantidad o calidad hasta un 25% de cobre concentrado, mientras que el agua residual utilizada se vuelca al dique. Así se obtienen el cobre y el oro.
For export
Una vez que se obtuvo el concentrado en la planta, los minerales viajan con agua por un mineraloducto de 317 km de largo y 175 mm de diámetro hasta en Tucumán, donde desembocan en otra planta de filtros, que le extrae el agua hasta lograr un producto con 7% de humedad. Cuando el mineral está listo para la venta se lo transporta en 180 vagones de una línea férrea hasta el Puerto General San Martín en Santa Fe, y luego se embarca en busque listos para zarpar al exterior. A diferencia del cobre y otros minerales, el oro se prepara para la exportación en la planta de Alumbrera con un alto nivel de pureza de 97% o 98% y se traslada por tierra al aeropuerto de Ezeiza en camiones de caudales con destino a Canadá.
A lo largo de 21 años Bajo de la Alumbrera brindó empleo y oportunidades a miles de personas, generó grandes riquezas para los pueblos cercanos, la provincia y la Nación (más de u$s5.000 millones solo en ingresos fiscales), pero también fue objeto de duras críticas de vecinos y grupos ambientalistas. Por desidia o incapacidad, las respuestas ante los cuestionamientos fueron el silencio y el desinterés. Hoy, con MARA, los accionistas extranjeros y los representantes catamarqueños buscan revancha y se proponen hacer otro tipo de minería, para remediar los errores, abrir las puertas de sus instalaciones y acercar a la gente a estos megaemprendimientos.
“La minería es la única actividad que tiene una ley de protección ambiental específica (la 24.585), con protocolos obligatorios. Y en minería nada se improvisa, todo se controla, por eso antes de empezar a sacar el mineral en 1997, ya se estaba separando el material benigno para cuando cumplir la ley en el año 2020”, remarcó Santiago Gómez Bello, y destacó que “todo el equipo y la ciencia” que se viene desarrollando hace tiempo son de Catamarca, un valor agregado que no tiene precio. “Nosotros cuidamos mucho más nuestra tierra que cualquier otra persona”.
Antes de la despedida de la visita, Daniel Moreno no se cansa de repetir un viejo slogan, que suena a una segunda oportunidad. “Siempre digo que nosotros somos los primeros ambientalistas, estamos acá y acá trabaja gente de toda la vida, de nuestra tierra. Somos los primeros que queremos que esto salga bien. No somos ambientalistas de escritorio. Siempre vamos con fundamentos técnicos y pruebas empíricas, y sin eso no tenés forma de comprobar si hay algún parámetro desviado o no. A la vez trabajamos con la autoridad, con ellos se han trabajado los protocolos, como el de cierre de mina. Este es uno de los primeros que se hace a gran escala, con una mina que tiene 20 años de producción, y de lo que salga de acá, se va tomar como ejemplo en muchas minas de otras partes del mundo”.
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