Educación y pobreza: sólo el 14% de los alumnos logra un buen desempeño
El relevamiento concluyó que entre los estudiantes en situación de pobreza del último año de la escuela secundaria, que representan el 40,4% del total de los alumnos argentinos, solo el 13,7% obtuvo un buen desempeño en las últimas pruebas Aprender, que evalúan el conocimiento en lengua y matemática.
En cambio, entre los adolescentes de mayor nivel socioeconómico, el 38% alcanzó un nivel satisfactorio o avanzado en las dos asignaturas. Es decir, los estudiantes en situación de pobreza que alcanzan buenos niveles de aprendizaje son la excepción en el sistema educativo argentino actual.
En el reporte, los investigadores explicaron que existen algunos “factores protectores” que le permiten al casi 14% de estos estudiantes lograr buenos desempeños escolares a pesar de sus condiciones de vida.
En primer lugar, aparece el nivel educativo materno. Entre estos, el 35,5% tiene madres que tienen el nivel secundario completo o más estudios. En el caso de aquellos con bajo desempeño, el porcentaje se reduce al 27,2%.
Otro factor es la cantidad de libros que hay en los hogares. Solo en el 8,3% de las viviendas de los estudiantes en situación de pobreza y con buen desempeño no hay libros, mientras que en el de bajo desempeño ese porcentaje aumenta a 22%.
Por otra parte, el tener hijos y/o trabajo también intervienen en el desempeño educativo. De acuerdo con el informe, entre los estudiantes con buen desempeño solo el 1,9% tiene hijos, mientras que este número asciende a 4,6% entre los de bajo desempeño. Lo mismo ocurre en el caso de los varones: el 1,6% de los estudiantes de buen desempeño y el 3,1% de los de bajo desempeño, tienen hijos. Al mismo tiempo, hay una mayor proporción de estudiantes con buen desempeño entre quienes no trabajan, tanto mujeres como varones.
“Estos estudiantes resilientes son la excepción. Entender qué factores los ayudan a desempeñarse bien es fundamental para el diseño de políticas públicas que puedan mejorar no solo los niveles de acceso a la educación de los estudiantes en situación de pobreza, sino también el aprendizaje que adquieren una vez que están en la escuela”, explicó Martín De Simone.
Perspectivas de futuro
El informe también analiza las perspectivas a futuro de los chicos en situaciones socioeconómicas menos favorables.
Según indican los investigadores, los estudiantes en situación de pobreza difieren en sus expectativas a futuro, específicamente sobre qué van a hacer cuando terminen el secundario, según su desempeño en las pruebas Aprender. El 69,2% de los estudiantes con buen desempeño planea seguir estudios universitarios, mientras que en el grupo que tiene bajo desempeño, ese porcentaje es del 51,1%.
Por último, el reporte resalta que los jóvenes de 17 y 18 años que no asisten y abandonaron la secundaria representan casi el 33% de los estudiantes que asisten al último año. En este grupo la tasa de pobreza es del 67%. Es decir, la tasa de pobreza de los que asisten (40,4%) es más baja que la de los que no asisten a la escuela.
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