Información general

Se paga la luz más cara que un porteño y de las tarifas más altas del país

En 2021 en el AMBA, el aumento de las tarifas de energía eléctrica fue del 9%. Hacia el interior del país, hubo subas de hasta el 37%.

Los argentinos que viven en el interior lo saben muy bien: es muy diferente lo que se paga por la luz en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (AMBA) que lo que se paga en otros lugares. De hecho, entre una punta y la otra puede haber diferencias de hasta el 400%.

En un informe presentado por Edenor al Ente Nacional Regulador de la Electricidad (ENRE) confirmaron que en Córdoba se paga cuatro veces más que en La Rioja y el doble que en Buenos Aires. La distribuidora presenta los datos en el marco de las negociaciones para el aumento de tarifas que habrá en 2022.

Todavía no empezaron las audiencias, la instancia previa a la definición, pero las empresas que dan servicios en el AMBA, y que son las reguladas por el ENRE, están preparando el terreno para los aumentos que aseguran requerir para prestar un servicio de calidad.

En qué provincias se paga la energía más cara
Dentro de esos datos, Edenor presentó un cuadro de comparación nacional de tarifas. Para eso, utilizó un consumo de 300 kWh/mes con impuestos incluidos, un poco más que el consumo promedio de un hogar. Según la distribuidora, la tarifa más barata está en La Rioja, cerca de los $1000. Luego, siguen las de Edesur y Edenor, con un tanto más. Formosa, Santiago del Estero y Misiones completan el top 5 de las facturas más baratas.

En la otra punta, en cambio, están Córdoba (más de $4000, según el informe), Mendoza (poco más de $3500), Jujuy (casi $3500) y Neuquén (poco más de $3000).

En el caso de Salta, la provincia paga un servicio más caro que Buenos Aires y solo es supera por siete provincias, entre ellas dos de la región norte como Jujuy y Tucumán.

En el centro de la tabla están las distintas zonas geográficas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, que atienden distribuidoras que no están bajo la órbita del ENRE, aunque sí hay organismos provinciales que las regulan. Un dato: en el AMBA, el aumento de las tarifas de energía eléctrica en 2021 fue del 9%. Hacia el interior del país, hubo subas de hasta el 37%.

Por qué es más cara la tarifa en el interior
La discusión sobre por qué la energía es más cara en el interior que en el AMBA tiene componentes logísticos, impositivos y hasta electorales. En esa última región se concentra el 40% de los usuarios residenciales, que también son votantes.

Sobre lo impositivo y la distribución, Julián Rojo, economista especializado en energía, explica que el costo de la energía está estandarizado en todo el país. Lo que varía según la zona, en primer lugar, es el Valor Agregado de Distribución (VAD), lo que cobran las distribuidoras provinciales y municipales, “que llega a pesar bastante en la factura”. En este grupo de distribuidoras no solo están Edenor y Edesur, sino también Edelap (La Plata), EPEC (Córdoba) y las cooperativas de ciudades más chicas, por ejemplo.

Sobre lo impositivo, Rojo explica que los nacionales son iguales pero que hay “impuestos provinciales y municipales que llegan a pesar bastante en la factura”.

A mediados de 2021, TN realizó un relevamiento entre 20 distribuidoras de energía sobre la base de un consumo estándar de 200 kWh/mes. En ese momento, halló que entre un punto y otro del país puede haber diferencias de hasta tres veces (o 211%) en lo que paga un hogar.

Entre las razones de las diferencias también se destacaba una cuestión de costos. No es lo mismo arreglar una falla en un edificio con 100 medidores que en una línea de un kilómetro que alimenta a 10 hogares, por lo que la densidad poblacional de la zona importa. También el tipo de línea con el que se conecta a la población y la calidad del servicio, es decir, la inversión en infraestructura.

En el caso de las cooperativas, que abastecen a localidades, ciudades y pueblos más chicos, se suma un intermediario más: no le compran directamente a Cammesa (la mayorista que abastece a las distribuidoras) sino que hay una empresa privada o provincial que la subdistribuye.

Cabe recordar que en Salta desde marzo el servicio de luz sufrirá un aumento tarifario de envergadura con un elevado porcentaje de usuarios que pagará un 26,5% más caro el servicio. Se estima que son más de 365 mil los usuarios que afectados a la suba, mientras otro grupo tendrá una readecuación del 23,9%.

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